SADC

A dry 2026/27 summer could turn a climate shock into a regional test of food trade, electricity security and government finances. Why did a region that could see the drought coming wait until it became a crisis?

Southern Africa is heading towards a potentially difficult summer. But the real danger from the developing El Niño is bigger than failed crops. If the 2026/27 rainy season turns out as dry and hot as regional forecasts suggest, the shock could move rapidly through food prices, electricity systems, government budgets, foreign-exchange reserves and cross-border trade. That makes the coming summer not simply a weather story, but an economic and political test for SADC.

Large parts of Angola, Namibia, Botswana, southern Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, South Africa, Eswatini and Lesotho face increased chances of below-normal rainfall, while temperatures are expected to run unusually high across much of the region. The north and north-east could tell a different story, with parts of Tanzania, the Democratic Republic of Congo, northern Zambia and northern Malawi potentially receiving better rainfall. That unevenness is important. Southern Africa may simultaneously confront drought, local flooding and damaging heat.

For governments, however, the political-economic danger lies in the concentration of dry conditions across some of the region's major agricultural, livestock, hydropower and industrial economies.

A drought that could travel across borders

SADC has seen this sequence before. Rain fails in one country. Grain production falls. Imports rise. Governments seek more dollars to pay for food. Neighbouring states begin protecting their own supplies. Maize prices climb. Livestock farmers compete for feed. Hydropower production weakens. Electricity shortages hit industry. What begins as a rainfall deficit becomes a regional economic shock.

The 2023/24 drought was a reminder of how interconnected those risks have become. Zambia, Zimbabwe and Malawi declared drought disasters, while food insecurity spread across the wider region. Another major El Niño so soon afterwards would hit households and governments that have had limited time to rebuild buffers. The central question is therefore no longer merely how much rain will fall? It is whether SADC can stop a climate shock in one country from becoming a food, energy and inflation shock in several others.

South Africa becomes even more important

South Africa enters the season with one major advantage: a relatively healthy grain position following stronger agricultural production. That gives the region an important cushion. But it also highlights Southern Africa's dependence on one country as a food-security backstop. When harvests fail elsewhere, South African maize often moves north into Botswana, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Eswatini and Lesotho. A substantial South African crop failure would therefore have consequences far beyond its borders. The risk is not that South Africa suddenly runs out of food. The more immediate danger is that exportable surpluses shrink at exactly the moment neighbouring countries need more imports. 

Prices would respond first. That could become particularly uncomfortable for countries with weak currencies or limited foreign-exchange reserves. Imported maize may still be physically available, but considerably more expensive in local currency. For SADC, South Africa's summer grain belt has effectively become a piece of regional strategic infrastructure.

Zambia and Zimbabwe: when rainfall becomes electricity

Nowhere is the relationship between weather and the wider economy clearer than Zambia and Zimbabwe. Both depend heavily on the Zambezi River system and Lake Kariba for electricity. The lake enters the coming season in a considerably stronger position than during the depths of the recent drought. But another weak rainfall year would again raise questions about future inflows and hydropower generation.

That matters enormously for Zambia. Copper mining is electricity intensive and central to the country's exports, government revenue and foreign-exchange earnings. Severe load-shedding therefore does more than inconvenience households: it can weaken the productive engine of the economy.

Zimbabwe faces similar pressures as electricity shortages constrain manufacturing, mining, agriculture and businesses already operating in a difficult economic environment.

The transmission chain is brutally simple: less rain → weaker river flows → lower hydropower output → more load-shedding → higher production costs → slower economic growth. For Zambia and Zimbabwe, El Niño can therefore simultaneously attack food production and electricity supply. That is why drought resilience and energy diversification are increasingly the same policy discussion.

Zimbabwe faces another agricultural gamble

Zimbabwe is particularly vulnerable to the timing of rainfall. Much of its staple agriculture remains rain-fed. Even where seasonal rainfall totals eventually appear respectable, prolonged dry periods during December or January can severely damage maize during critical stages of development. This is one reason climate scientists increasingly warn against judging agricultural risk purely from total seasonal rainfall. A crop does not consume rainfall statistics. It needs moisture at particular stages of growth. A three-week dry spell accompanied by extreme heat can therefore be more damaging than a modest reduction in total seasonal rainfall.

For Zimbabwe, the political implications are substantial. Another weak maize harvest could force greater food imports, increase pressure on household incomes and revive questions about government support for vulnerable communities. The country is encouraging drought-tolerant seed, conservation agriculture, water harvesting and irrigation, while increasingly promoting the productive use of dams for agriculture, fisheries and local economic activity. The challenge is implementation at sufficient scale.

Botswana and Namibia: cattle, water and rural wealth

In Botswana and Namibia, the threat is not only maize. Livestock is central to rural livelihoods and, in many communities, functions as stored household wealth. Drought destroys that wealth gradually. Pasture deteriorates. Water points come under pressure. Farmers buy additional feed. Animals lose condition. Eventually herds have to be sold into weak markets — often when many other farmers are trying to sell simultaneously. By the time drought relief arrives, households may already have lost assets built up over many years.

High temperatures worsen the problem because they increase evaporation from dams, soils and grazing land. This is why a slightly below-average rainfall season combined with exceptional heat can sometimes be more damaging than rainfall figures suggest. For Namibia and Botswana, water security, livestock management and drought policy are inseparable.

Mozambique and Malawi could face two emergencies at once

The regional picture becomes more complicated further east. Parts of Malawi and Mozambique could face substantial rainfall deficits, while northern areas may experience considerably wetter conditions. Mozambique could therefore find itself preparing for drought in central and southern districts while remaining alert to flooding and tropical systems further north. That places pressure on already stretched disaster-management budgets. It also illustrates an increasingly important reality: governments can no longer prepare for one national climate emergency. They may have to finance drought relief, flood response and agricultural support simultaneously.

The next shock could be food inflation

The most politically sensitive consequence may eventually appear not in fields or dams but in supermarkets. If harvests decline across several countries at once, maize and other food prices can rise rapidly. Governments then confront difficult choices. Should they subsidise food? Release strategic grain reserves? Cut import duties? Restrict exports? Provide drought relief? Increase social transfers? Or allow prices to rise and protect public finances? 

Each response has regional consequences. An export restriction that protects consumers in one SADC country can make food more expensive in another. That is why the coming El Niño could test whether SADC acts as an economic community or simply as a collection of national markets when shortages emerge.

The temptation to close borders

Food shortages frequently produce political pressure for governments to "secure domestic supply". Export restrictions can be popular politically because they appear to keep food at home. But if several countries adopt them at once, the regional market begins to fragment. Import-dependent states are then forced to source grain further afield, increasing shipping costs, foreign-exchange requirements and delivery times. The better regional response would be early coordination: countries identifying likely deficits, expected surpluses, grain stocks, import requirements and transport bottlenecks before the shortage peaks. SADC already possesses regional structures for climate monitoring, food-security assessment and disaster coordination. The question is whether those systems can influence economic decisions early enough.

Drought can become a fiscal crisis

El Niño also arrives at an uncomfortable time for governments already facing pressure to fund infrastructure, health, education and social programmes. Drought adds another bill. Governments may have to finance food imports, agricultural inputs, livestock support, emergency water provision and social protection simultaneously.

Where hydropower fails, electricity imports or emergency generation add further costs. Economic growth can weaken at the same time. That means tax revenue may decline precisely when expenditure requirements are increasing. For highly indebted governments, a climate event can therefore become a fiscal event. And where currencies are already under pressure, greater food and energy imports can reinforce inflation.

Scientists say the rainfall total does not tell the whole story

Climate researchers offer an important qualification: El Niño increases drought risk, but it does not guarantee drought everywhere. Southern African rainfall is influenced by several interacting climate systems, including conditions in the Pacific and Indian oceans as well as regional atmospheric circulation. Very strong El Niño events have produced surprisingly different rainfall outcomes in the past. That uncertainty does not mean governments should ignore the forecast. It means they should use it intelligently.

Scientists increasingly argue for combining seasonal forecasts with shorter-range weather information, soil-moisture monitoring, vegetation conditions, dam levels and the actual onset and distribution of rainfall. The practical question for a farmer is not whether a meteorological agency predicts "70% probability of below-normal rainfall". It is whether to plant now, plant less, switch crop varieties, conserve seed or wait for the next rainfall window.

The academic sound bites

"El Niño is a risk multiplier, not a drought guarantee."

It shifts the odds. It does not dictate exactly what will happen in every district.

"For agriculture, the dry spell can matter more than the seasonal rainfall total."

Timing matters. Rain arriving after a crop has already passed a critical growth stage cannot reverse the damage.

"A regional climate outlook should trigger decisions, not simply discussion."

The economic value of forecasting lies in changing behaviour before losses occur.

And perhaps the most important:

"Early warning without early action is simply an earlier description of the disaster."

The solutions are known

Southern Africa is not short of proposed solutions. The most immediate is anticipatory action — releasing support before harvests fail rather than after households have exhausted their food and livestock. Farmers can be given drought-tolerant and early-maturing seed before planting. Livestock farmers can receive feed support before animals lose condition. Governments can pre-position grain and identify import requirements before prices spike. Water authorities can intensify conservation before reservoirs reach emergency levels.

Another priority is irrigation. Southern Africa cannot continue treating large-scale dependence on rain-fed agriculture as an unavoidable fact of geography. Small dams, groundwater, solar-powered irrigation, water harvesting and more efficient irrigation systems could dramatically reduce the vulnerability of rural economies.

Energy diversification is equally important. Solar, wind, battery storage and stronger regional electricity trading can reduce the economic damage caused when drought simultaneously hits hydropower systems. Crop insurance and disaster-risk financing can also transfer part of the cost away from households and state budgets.

But none of these measures works particularly well when introduced after the drought has already arrived.

This is ultimately a SADC test

The coming El Niño will test more than agricultural preparedness. It will test whether Southern Africa has learned to treat climate risk as a regional economic-security issue. Food, electricity, water and trade cross borders. So do the consequences when any of them fail.

South Africa's maize reserves matter to Lesotho and Zimbabwe. Kariba's water matters to Zambia and Zimbabwe. Mozambique's transport corridors matter to landlocked neighbours. Regional power markets matter when hydropower falters. That interdependence is precisely why a severe drought should not be managed solely through national emergency declarations after the event.

SADC has received the warning before the first major planting rains. The political question is what governments do with it. Because if the rains disappoint, leaders will eventually face a much harder question: Why did a region that could see the drought coming wait until it became a crisis?